Colonialism, Ethnicity and War in Angola

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Notes

1 L. Heywood, Contested Power in Angola, 1840s to the Present (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 2000).

2 C. Messiant, 1961: L'Angola colonial, histoire et société: Les prémisses du mouvement nationaliste (Basel: P. Schlettwein, 2006).

3 B. Berman and J. Lonsdale, eds, Unhappy Valley: Conflict in Kenya and Africa; Book Two: Violence and Ethnicity (Oxford: James Currey, 1992); M. Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996); T. Ranger, ‘The Invention of Tradition in Colonial Africa’, in E. Hobsbawm and T. Ranger, eds, The Invention of Tradition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 211­–262; L. Vail, ed., The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).

4 D. Péclard, Les incertitudes de la nation en Angola: aux racines sociales de l’Unita (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 2015); M. Neto, ‘In and Out of Town: A Social History of Huambo (Angola) 1902–1961’ (PhD thesis, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, 2012); P. Havik, ‘Direct or Indirect Rule? Reconsidering the Roles of Appointed Chiefs and Native Employees in Portuguese West Africa’, Africana Studia, 15 (2012): 29–56.

5 M. Cahen, ‘Check on Socialism in Mozambique: What Check? What Socialism?’, Review of African Political Economy, 57 (1993), 46–59.