Influence of tricuspid regurgitation on the prognosis of patients with cardiogenic shock

Abstract

Objective

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is associated with adverse prognosis in various patient populations. However, data regarding the prognostic impact in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) is limited. The study investigates the prognostic impact of pre-existing TR in patients with CS.

Methods

Consecutive patients with CS from 2019 to 2021 were included in a monocentric registry. Every patient’s medical history, including echocardiographic data, was recorded. The influence of pre-existing TR on prognosis was investigated. Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier analyses based on TR severity were conducted. Statistical analyses comprised univariable t-test, Spearman’s correlation, Kaplan–Meier analyses, as well as multivariable Cox proportional regression models. Analyses were stratified by the underlying cause of CS such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or the need for mechanical ventilation.

Results

105 patients with CS and pre-existing TR were included. In Kaplan Meier analyses, it could be demonstrated that patients with severe TR (TR III°) had the highest 30-day all-cause mortality compared to mild (TR I°) and moderate TR (TR II°) (44% vs. 52% vs. 77%; log rank p = .054). In the subgroup analyses of CS-patients without AMI, TR II°/TR III° showed a higher all-cause mortality after 30 days compared to TR I° (39% vs. 64%; log rank p = .027). In multivariable Cox regression TR II°/TR III° was associated with 30-day all-cause mortality in CS-patients without AMI (HR = 2.193; 95% CI 1.007–4.774; p = .048). No significant difference could be found in the AMI group. Furthermore, TR II°/III° was linked to an increased 30-day all-cause mortality in non-ventilated CS-patients (6% vs. 50%, log rank p = .015), which, however, could not be confirmed in multivariable Cox regression.

Conclusion

The occurrence of pre-existing TR II°/III° was independently related with 30-day all-cause mortality in CS-patients without AMI. However, no prognostic influence was observed in CS-patients with AMI.

Keywords:

• Cardiogenic shock
• tricuspid regurgitation
• prognosis
• mortality

Transparency

Declaration of funding

No funding was received.

Declaration of financial/other relationships

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties.

Peer reviewers on this manuscript have no relevant financial or other relationships to disclose.

Author contributions

Conceptualization, J.R., K.W. and M.B.; methodology, J.R.; software, T.S. and A.S.; validation, J.R. and K.W.; formal analysis, J.F. and T.S.; investigation, S.E-W. and M.R.; resources, M.Ay., K.M., M.Ak. and P.T.; data curation, S.E-W. and M.R.; writing—original draft preparation, J.R. and M.R.; writing—review and editing, J.R., M.R. and T.S.; visualization, J.F.; supervision, M.B. and I.A.; project administration, I.A.

Acknowledgements

No assistance in the preparation of this manuscript is to be acknowledged.