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ABSTRACT
There is trauma in how Indigenous knowledge collections in libraries are managed. This paper seeks to understand the tikanga Māori context of Indigenous knowledges management in library collection policies. A review of selected library policies from five major AotearoaNew Zealand libraries regarding collection development, tikanga Māori integration and specifically Māori collection content will be explored using a modified Mead’s Tikanga Test (of 2003). From this analysis will be inferred the ways in which the various library policies negate or affirm tikanga Māori. This will be followed by a brief introduction to the model Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga for culturally safe management of Indigenous collections to be integrated into collection policies. This paper will draw from a Māori perspective, in Aotearoa-New Zealand. The testing of library policies from five major libraries will drive the findings to represent the state of Indigenous collection policy in Aotearoa and how best for Māori to distinguish our futures in libraries.
Acknowledgments
Kei te mihi, kei te mihi, kei te mihi ki a koutou, tōku ngākau.
I would like to acknowledge my whānau and friends who have supported me in this research and publication. I would also like to thank my hapū, Ngāti Te Matau of Ngāti Pūkenga iwi and Ngā Pōtiki a Tamapahore of Ngāi Te Rangi iwi, and Ngāti Ranginui iwi. I would also like to acknowledge my tūpuna who guided me along this path.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1. Martin Nakata, Alex Byrne, Vicky Nakata, and Gabrielle Gardiner, “Indigenous Knowledge, the Library and Information Service Sector, and Protocols,” Australian Academic Research and Libraries 36, no. 2 (2005): 9–24, doi: 10.1080/00048623.2005.10721244.
2. Moana Jackson, “Epilogue,” in Imagining Decolonisation, ed. Rebcca Kiddle, Bianca Elkington, and Moana Jackson, 1st ed. (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books Limited, 2020), 54.
3. Hirini Moko Mead, Tikanga Māori: Living by Māori Values, 2nd ed. (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Huia Publishers, 2016), 25.
4. Tahu Kukutai and John Taylor, Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda, 1st ed. (Canberra, Australia: ANU Press, 2016), 12.
5. Hirini Moko Mead, Tikanga Māori: Living by Māori Values, 1st ed. (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Huia Publishers, 2003), 120–2.
6. Mead, Tikanga Māori, 2nd ed., 14.
7. Ani Mikaere, Colonising Myths – Māori Realities: He Rukuruku Whakaaro, 1st ed. (Ōtaki, Aotearoa New Zealand: Huia Publishers and Te Wānanga o Raukawa, 2011), 47.
8. Jackson, Imagining Decolonisation, 57.
9. Ryan O’Byrne, “Collective Person, Collective Gift: Some Preliminary thoughts on Taonga, Whakapapa, and ‘The Gift’ in Māori Art,” Sites 8, no. 2 (2011): 126–46.
10. Ibid., 138.
11. Jackson, Imagining Decolonisation, 42.
12. Mead, Tikanga Māori, 1st ed., 121.
13. Ibid.
14. Te Kawehau Hoskins and Alison Jones, “Non-Human Others,” in Critical Conversations in Kaupapa Māori, ed. Te Kawehau Hoskins and Alison Jones (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Huia Publishers, 2017), 48–59.
15. Kākahu Banks, “Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga: Māori Collections and Libraries, Tikanga ways of Being” (Master diss., Victoria University of Wellington, 2022).
16. Wellington City Libraries, Libraries Collections Policy (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Wellington City Council, 2016), 5.
17. See note 6 above.
18. Joan Metge, Tauira: Māori Methods of Learning and Teaching, 1st ed. (Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand: The University of Auckland Press, 2015), 37.
19. Auckland City Libraries, Auckland Libraries Collections Policy, 7th ed. (Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand: Auckland City Council, 2020), 14.
20. Nēpia Mahuika, “A Brief History of Whakapapa: Māori Approaches to Genealogy,” Genealogy (Basel) 3, no. 2 (2019): 32, doi: 10.3390/genealogy3020032.
21. Claudia Orange, The Treaty of Waitangi = Te Tiriti o Waitangi: An Illustrated History, 3rd ed. (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Bridget Williams Books, 2020), 47.
22. Christchurch City Libraries, Pasifika Collection Policy (Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand: Christchurch City Council, 2019), 22.
23. Christchurch City Libraries, Content Development Policy (Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand: Christchurch City Council, 2018), 3.
24. Dunedin City Libraries, Taiehu Collection Policy (Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand: Dunedin City Council, 2016), 13.
25. Tauranga City Libraries, General Collection Policy (Tauranga, Aotearoa New Zealand: Tauranga City Council, 2021), 11.
26. Tauranga City Libraries, Archive Collections Policy (Tauranga, Aotearoa New Zealand: Tauranga City Council, 2020), 3.
27. Holly Hibner and Mary Kelly, Making Collections Count: A Holistic Approach to Library Collection Management, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Chandos Publishing, 2013), 15.
28. Ibid., 48.
29. Daniel C. Mack, Collection Development Policies: New Directions for Changing Collections, 1st ed. (Binghamton, New York: Haworth Information Press, 2003), 17.
30. Auckland City Libraries, Collections Policy, 6.
31. Wellington City Libraries, Collections Policy, 8.
32. Queenstown Lakes District Council, e-mail to author, April 10, 2022.
33. Metge, Tauira, 25.
34. Wellington City Libraries, Collections Policy, 10.
35. Wellington City Council, He Waka Eke Noa (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Wellington City Council, 2020), 8.
36. Auckland City Libraries, Collections Policy, 7.
37. Christchurch City Libraries, Content Development, 8.
38. Auckland, Collections Policy, 22.
39. Wellington, He Waka Eke Noa, 18.
40. Christchurch, Content Development, 6.
41. Ibid.
42. Tauranga, Archive, 3.
43. Christchurch City Libraries, Pacific Collection Policy, 3.
44. Anahera Morehu, “How to Integrate Mātauranga Māori into a Colonial Viewpoint,” in Indigenous Notions of Ownership and Libraries, Archives and Museum, ed. Camille Callison, Loriene Roy, and Gretchen Alice LeCheminant, 1st ed. (Berlin, Germany: DeGruyter, Saur Publishings, 2016), 46.
45. Tauranga City Libraries, Archive, 8.
46. Hinureina Mangan and Chris Szekely, He Puna Taunaki: Te Reo Maori in Libraries: A Maori Language Resource for Libraries (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Te Rōpu Whakahau, 1995), 12.
47. Maned Mhlongo, Stratton Stephen, and Camille Callison, “A Framework for the Integration of Indigenous Knowledge into Libraries in South-Africa,” IFLA Journal 47, no. 3 (2021), Sage Publications: 375–85, doi: 10.1177/03400352211018224.
48. Banks, “Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga,” 12.
49. Ibid., 13.
50. Hibner and Kelly, Making Collections Count, 47.
51. Ibid.
52. Jacinta Ruru, “Our Baskets of Knowledge: Introduction,” in Ngā Kete Mātauranga: Māori Scholars at the Research Interface, ed. Jacinta Ruru and Linda W. Nikora, 1st ed. (Dunedin, Aotearoa New Zealand: The University of Otago Press, 2020), 3.
53. Linda Johnstone, interview, August 12, 2021.
54. Banks, “Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga,” 15.
55. Diane Prince, interview, May 27, 2021.
56. Diane Prince, interview, May 27, 2021.
57. Banks, “Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga,” 23.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., 30.
60. Ibid.
61. Ibid., 31.
62. Te Maire Tau, “In Defence of Oral History: Whakapapa as a Case Study,” Te Karaka 17 (2002): 8–19.
63. Sam Rerekura, Whaikōrero: Tauparapara 1, 1st ed. (Te Tai Tokerau, Aotearoa New Zealand: Te Whare Wānanga o Ngāpuhi-nui-tonu, 2007), 2.
64. Poia Rewi, Whaikōrero: The World of Māori Oratory, 1st ed. (Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand: The University of Auckland Press, 2010), 35.
65. Banks, “Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga,” 32.
66. Ibid.
67. Linda Tuhiwai-Smith, Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples, 3rd ed. (London, UK: Zed Publishers, 2021), 10.
68. Banks, “Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga,” 34.
69. Metge, Tauira, 42.
70. Wally Penetito, What’s Māori about Māori Education? 1st ed. (Wellington, Aotearoa New Zealand: Victoria University Press, 2010), 13.
71. Ibid.
72. Banks, “Ngā Matatiki Mātauranga,” 35.
73. Chern-Li Liew, Jamie Yeates, and Spencer C Lilley, “Digitized Indigenous Knowledge Collections: Impact on Cultural Knowledge Transmission, Social Connections and Cultural Identity,” Journal of the Association of Information Science and Technology (JASIST) 72, no. 12 (2021): 1575–92, doi: 10.1002/asi.24536.
74. See note 72 above.
75. Mead, Tikanga Māori, 1st ed., 122.
76. Ranginui Walker, Ka Whawhai Tonu Matou = Struggle Without End, 2nd ed. (Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand: Penguin Publishings, 2004), 2.