Latin American Social Movements and Progressive Governments: Creative Tensions Between Resistance and Convergence

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Notes

1. The political denomination “Pink Tide” was coined by Larry Rohter, South American bureau chief for the New York Times, to refer to the turn toward left-leaning governments in the region since the late 1990s, starting with the presidency of Hugo Chavez in Venezuela (1999–2013) and followed by Lula da Silva in Brazil (2003–2010; 2023–present), Néstor Kirchner in Argentina (2003–2007), Tabaré Vázquez in Uruguay (2005–2010), Michelle Bachelet in Chile (2006–2010; 2014–2018), to name a few. Rohter’s “pink” implied that these governments were a lighter version of “red” and did not seek to overturn the global market economy.

2. Latin American Perspectives in the Classroom series, edited by Ronald H. Chilcote, University of California, Riverside, https://rowman.com/Action/SERIES/_/LAP/Latin-American-Perspectives-in-the-Classroom.

3. See, for instance, Ana M. Fernández and Miguel Rojas Sotelo, “Manifesting Democracy in Latin America and the Caribbean,” Canadian Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Studies/Revue canadienne des études latino-américaines et caraïbes 47, no. 3 (2022): 337–345.

4. To further research the so-called Latin American Pink Tide, the reader may consult Latin America’s Pink Tide: Breakthroughs and Shortcomings (2019), edited by Steve Ellner in the Chilcote series. Moreover, to dig deeper into social movements, the reader would benefit from accessing Ronaldo Munck’s Social Movements in Latin America: Mapping the Mosaic (McGill-Queen’s Press-MQUP, 2020).