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ABSTRACT
This article explores the degree to which citizenship in the early Turkish Republic was informed by a biopolitical logic of the administration of population as a social body. How this larger biopolitical logic is connected to understandings of the national project being ‘modern’ and/or ‘scientific’ is also explored, as well as how this approach is preferable to an account based on the perspective of Agamben. Furthermore, this analysis examines how limits to belonging were understood in the period, especially in relation to minority populations, and how they were categorized.
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No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).
Notes
1 See Bargu, Turkey’s Necropolitical Laboratory; and Mbembe, “Necropolitics”; and Morgensen, “The Biopolitics”.
2 Bargu, Turkey’s Necropolitical Laboratory, 1.
3 Ibid., 6.
4 Ibid., 6.
5 Ibid., 5.
6 Ibid., 3.
7 See Foucault, Discipline and Punish.
8 Jaeger, “UN Reform,” 54.
9 Foucault, “Right to Death,” 262.
10 Rabinow and Rose, “Biopower Today,” 202–203.
11 Foucault, “Right to Death,” 262.
12 Jaeger, “Un Reform,” 55.
13 Foucault, “Right to Death,” 265.
14 Emphasis added, Jaeger, “UN Reform,” 55.
15 Foucault, Society Must Be Defended, 254.
16 Ibid., 254–255.
17 Ibid., 256.
18 Ibid., 256.
19 Lemke, “A Zone of Indistinction,” 5.
20 Ibid., 5.
21 Ibid., 5.
22 Ibid., 6.
23 Ibid., 6.
24 Ibid., 6.
25 Ibid., 6.
26 Cited in Ibid., 7.
27 Ibid., 7.
28 Ibid., 10, see also Blencowe, “Foucault’s and Arendt’s ‘Insider View’.”
29 Ibid., 9.
30 Ibid., 8.
31 Ibid., 8.
32 Ibid., 8.
33 Ibid., 8.
34 Ibid., 10.
35 Ibid., 10-11.
36 Blencowe, “Foucault’s and Arendt’s ‘Insider View’,” 114.
37 Ibid., 114.
38 Ibid., 117.
39 Ibid., 117.
40 Ibid., 117.
41 Cited in Ibid., 117.
42 Ibid., 117.
43 Ibid., 118.
44 Lemke, “A Zone of Indistinction,” 9.
45 Aktürk, Regimes of Ethnicity, 118–119.
46 Ibid., 123.
47 Aktürk, Regimes of Ethnicity, 124, and İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 52.
48 Aktürk, Regimes of Ethnicity, 131.
49 İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 40.
50 Ibid., 40.
51 Ibid., 40.
52 Ibid., 40.
53 Emphasis added, cited in Ibid., 42.
54 Emphasis added, cited in Bali, Model Citizens, 6.
55 İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 48.
56 Ergin, “Is the Turk a White Man?”
57 Ibid., 828.
58 Ibid., 831.
59 Ibid., 831.
60 Ibid., 831.
61 Ibid., 830.
62 See Erdal, “Policies on History Education.”
63 Ergin, “Is the Turk a White Man?,” 832–832.
64 Ibid., 832.
65 Ibid.
66 Ibid., 833.
67 Tekeli, “The Social Context.”
68 Ibid., 20.
69 Ibid., 21.
70 Ibid., 21.
71 Ibid., 22.
72 Ibid., 21.
73 Ergin, “Is the Turk a White Man?,” 833.
74 Emphasis added, Ibid., 833.
75 Erdal, “Policies on History Education,” 111, and Ergin, “Is the Turk a White Man?,” 833–834.
76 Emphasis added, translated again and added to by the author, Gözübüyük and Sezgin, 1924 Anayasası Hakkındaki, 7, also cited in part in Yeğen, “Turkish Nationalism,” 126.
77 Yeğen, “Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey,” 58.
78 Ibid., 59.
79 Ibid., 59.
80 Ibid., 60.
81 Kadıoğlu, “The Twin Motives,” 40.
82 Akgönül, The Minority Concept, 78–79, 104.
83 Ibid., 79.
84 Bayar, “In Pursuit of Homogeneity,” 109.
85 Yeğen, “Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey,” 56.
86 Çağaptay, “Citizenship Policies in Interwar Turkey,” 603.
87 Emphasis added, Ibid., 603.
88 Cited in Ibid., 603.
89 Ibid., 603–604.
90 Ibid., 604.
91 Ibid., 602.
92 Ibid., 604.
93 Cited in Ibid., 605.
94 Ibid., 605.
95 Ibid., 606.
96 Ibid., 607.
97 Ibid., 612.
98 Ibid., 612.
99 Aktürk, Regimes of Ethnicity, 124, and İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 52.
100 Ergin, “Is the Turk a White Man?,” 834.
101 İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 57.
102 Ibid., 56.
103 Ibid., 57.
104 Ibid., 57.
105 Özkırımlı and Sofos, Tormented by History, 165–166. See also Yeğen, “Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey,” 56.
106 Ibid., 166, and Bali, Model Citizens, 5.
107 Yeğen, “Citizenship and Ethnicity in Turkey,” 57.
108 Ibid., 57.
109 Ergin, “Is the Turk a White Man?,” 834, and İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 48.
110 Özkırımlı and Sofos, Tormented by History, 167.
111 Cited in Ibid., 167.
112 Ibid., 167.
113 Ibid., 167.
114 İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 75.
115 Ibid., 75.
116 Ibid., 74, and Bali, Model Citizens, 13.
117 Ibid., 74, and Bali, Model Citizens, 13.
118 Ibid., 75. See also, Bali, Model Citizens, 13.
119 Özkırımlı and Sofos, Tormented by History, 166.
120 Cited in İnce, Citizenship and Identity, 75.
121 Ibid., 76. See also Bali, Model Citizens, 13.
122 See Bargu, Turkey’s Necropolitical Laboratory; Blencowe, “Foucault’s and Arendt’s ‘insider view’”; and Lemke, “A Zone of Indistinction”.
Additional information
Notes on contributors
Allan Cooper Dell
Allan Cooper Dell is currently a PHD student in the Area Studies Department of Middle East Technical University (METU) in Ankara. He completed his MA in the German-Turkish Master’s Program in Social Sciences at the Humboldt University of Berlin and METU and his BA in Global Studies at Appalachian State University in Boone, North Carolina. His research interests include urban sociology, migration, European studies, and Turkish studies, as well as social and political theory more generally.